Как приготовить электролит для аккумулятора щелочной: Как сделать щелочной электролит самостоятельно

Кислотный электролит: состав и метод изготовления

Электролит – это токопроводящая жидкость, которая представляет собой смесь дистиллированной воды и кислоты или щелочи. Подробнее о свойствах и видах электролита можно почитать в нашей прошлой статье.

Сейчас мы хотим уделить внимание первому виду этого раствора – кислотному электролиту

Состав и изготовление

Важно понимать, что при нарушении технологии изготовления раствора щелочи или серной кислоты ваш аккумулятор может выйти из строя. Поэтому многие предпочитают покупать кислотную или щелочную смесь в специализированных магазинах.

Если вы решились приготовить токопроводящую жидкость самостоятельно, то для кислотного электролита вам понадобятся дистиллированная вода и серная кислота.

Преимущества серной кислоты заключаются в том, что она почти не имеет запаха и не испаряется при нормальной комнатной температуре от 15 до 25 градусов тепла. Также по другим химическим характеристикам это вещество лучшим образом подходит для заливки в АКБ со свинцовыми пластинами.

Правила безопасности и свойства:

Плотность является главным свойством электролита, ее значение может колебаться в зависимости от уровня заряда АКБ, но при нормальных условиях всегда должно оставаться внутри интервала от 1,26 до 1,30 г/мм^3

Нельзя забывать о том, что серная кислота – это едкое вещество. Поэтому работа с ней предполагает применение защитных средств. Как минимум, перчаток и защитных очков.

Как найти хороший автомобильный аккумулятор?

В Нижнем Новгороде вы можете купить аккумулятор недорого и быстро, просто зайдя в наш интернет магазин «Центр-АКБ». В каталоге магазина представлены различные модели с подробными техническими характеристиками. Поэтому, если вы решились купить аккумулятор Bosch или батареи других брендов, смело заполняйте заявку на сайте или звоните по телефону горячей линии:+7 (831) 416-13-13

Нас можно найти в Нижнем Новгороде по адресам:

ул. Березовская, д. 96А

ул. Деловая, д. 7к5

проспект Кирова, 12

ул. Русская улица, 5

90000 How to Recharge Alkaline Batteries the Right Way (No Leaks!) 90001 90002 Finally, you can now find several special battery chargers that do not only charge rechargeable batteries but allow you to 90003 recharge alkaline batteries, too 90004! 90005 90002 When I was a young boy, I had a friend, whose father was an electrical genius. He was always creating 90007 90003 electronic breadboard projects 90004 90010. 90005 90002 One of these projects was a charger that charged dead alkaline batteries.90005 90002 I had pretty much disregarded that memory as a dream until I recently was doing some research online and stumbled across a thread about battery chargers that are able to 90003 90007 Recharge Dead Alkaline Batteries 90010. 90004 90005 90002 90021 90021 90005 90024 90003 Alkaline Batteries Defined 90004 90027 90002 An 90007 90003 Alkaline Battery 90004 90010 refers to a type of battery, which is constructed from potassium oxide’s alkaline electrolyte, instead of zinc or ammonium chloride — both of which are 90007 90003 full of acidic elements and components 90004 90010.It can either be 90007 rechargeable or disposable 90010 and generally has 90007 1.5 volts per cell 90010. 90005 90002 90043 90043 90005 90002 It is also available in a wide range of sizes. You can see these alkaline batteries being frequently used in daily electronics. However, before using this type of battery, it is necessary to get to know more about its pros and cons: 90005 90048 90003 Advantages: 90004 90051 90052 90053 Longer shelf life compared to those that use chloride electrolyte batteries 90054 90053 Higher energy density in comparison to other batteries — With such an advantage, you can expect this battery to deliver similar levels of energy while also being longer-lasting compared to other batteries.90054 90057 90002 90059 90059 90005 90052 90053 Usable for hundreds of times — This is possible for the rechargeable alkaline battery if you recharge it after only 25% of its entire capacity is consumed. 90054 90053 Less expensive compared to other sophisticated types containing cadmium and nickel 90054 90053 Disposable as normal waste without requiring special disposal methods 90054 90053 Delivers an incredible performance even when used at low temperatures 90054 90053 It can last for up to 2 years when stored at room temperature while retaining around 90% of its original capacity once that happens.90054 90057 90002 You can also expect alkaline batteries to 90003 perfectly suit applications with normally low current used 90004. These applications include devices that operate without the need for a huge amount of power as well as those gadgets used only periodically, such as radios and remote controls. You do not also need to worry about it going bad due to age as there is a low chance that it will happen. 90005 90002 Aside from the shelf life, an alkaline battery also boasts of its 90003 90007 longer lifespan 90010 90004 in comparison to its counterparts so there is no need to replace it too often.However, it also carries a few flaws, like: 90005 90048 90003 Disadvantages: 90004 90051 90002 90089 90089 90005 90052 90053 High internal resistance, thereby 90007 90003 minimizing run time 90004 90010 and creating an advance «low-battery warning in the majority of devices . 90054 90053 Not that long-lasting when used in applications with high requirements for start-up current or need plenty of power when used 90054 90053 The rechargeable variety has lower performance compared to standard alkaline batteries.90054 90057 90002 Despite that, alkaline batteries still continue to gain traction nowadays. 90005 90024 90003 Can You Recharge Alkaline Batteries? 90004 90027 90002 Charging or recharging alkaline batteries is 90003 not highly recommended 90004, although that is possible with the help of a special alkaline charger, which you can use to the rechargeable alkaline. There are several reasons why recharging the battery is not recommended. 90005 90002 90115 90115 90005 90002 One of these is that charged ones can supply only a few recharge cycles.What you get is a dozen of 90003 recharge cycles 90004, sometimes even less. This is not the same with a real rechargeable, such as 90003 NiMH 90004, since you can also recharge it for hundreds or thousands of times. 90005 90002 Alkaline batteries also tend to 90007 90003 lose their capacity per charge cycle 90004 90010. This means that each time you recharge the battery, its run time will also go lower. The rechargeable variety of alkaline batteries also usually features a smaller capacity compared to the real ones as well as 90007 90003 NiMH rechargeable batteries 90004 90010.Recharging it will also increase its likelihood of leaking. 90005 90002 90135 90135 90005 90002 The good news is that despite the fact that charging alkaline batteries is not recommended, there are still 90003 90007 special chargers 90010 90004 that you can use to do so. Note that it is necessary to invest in a high-quality special charger specifically designed to charge alkaline batteries if you insist to do it. 90005 90002 90007 90003 Avoid using a charger for NiCd, NiZN, or NiMH 90004 90010.You need a charger, which is specifically designed to deal with and handle alkaline batteries. 90005 90024 90003 Maximal Power FC999 Universal Rapid Charger 90004 90027 90002 90155 90155 90005 90002 The Maximal Power FC999 Universal Rapid Charger uses an 8-bit microprocessor, and advanced RISC architecture, with integrated converter and multi-channel high-speed input / output ports to intelligently monitor and control the whole charging process in real-time, which can prevent overcharging.It also has built-in negative delta V cut-off function and short-circuits protection. 90005 90002 This charger is essentially a computer itself, so it can optimize the conditioning and charging cycles for each individual battery. During testing of this charger, they were able to recharge some alkaline batteries to 75-90% of original capacity up to and beyond 30 times! 90003 MORE THAN 30 TIMES 90004! This is not a guarantee, but a rule of thumb, mileage will vary. 90005 90002 When you insert a battery into this charger, it determines the status of the battery and will either start charging if it’s good or alerts you to the status if it’s bad.90005 90002 The Maximal Power Charger charges the following battery types: 90005 90168 90169 90170 90171 90172 90052 90053 9V 90054 90053 Ni-MH (Nickel Metal Hydride) 90054 90053 Ni-CD (Nickel Cadmium) 90054 90053 RAM (Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese) 90054 90053 Alkaline (previously Non-Rechargeable) batteries 90054 90057 90185 90186 90187 90188 90002 90005 90002 90192 90192 90005 90002 The ability of this charger to charge different kinds of batteries, including alkaline batteries that are non-rechargeable in the past and the rechargeable alkaline manganese proves its versatility.This 90003 battery charger 90004 also works great, thanks to its high-speed discharging and charging ports. With its 90003 microchips 90004, you have an assurance that it will monitor the batteries ‘charging and recharging smartly and intelligently. 90005 90002 Another benefit I noticed about this special charger is that its charging speed is 90003 quite fast 90004, so I can assure most users that it is 90007 90003 less time-consuming to use 90004 90010. It boasts of its delta cut-off function, which is a great thing because it stops the charging process automatically once the batteries are already full, thereby preventing short circuits.90005 90002 The features and functions of FC999 are simple and easy to use. You will even love its 90003 LED and LCD displays 90004 capable of illustrating the battery’s charging statistics once you put it in the charging bay. 90005 90024 90003 ChargeIt Battery Station Pro 90215 90004 90027 90002 90219 90219 90005 90002 The 90003 ChargeIt Battery Station Pro Battery Charger 90004 uses the same microprocessor technology as the Maximal Charger but also has 2 built-in USB ports, allowing you to charge mobile devices! This charger also runs checks when a battery is inserted to determine if it’s good or bad and alert you to the battery’s status.90225 90225 90005 90002 The ChargeIt Battery Charger charges the following battery types: 90005 90168 90169 90170 90171 90172 90052 90053 9V 90054 90053 Ni-MH (Nickel Metal Hydride) 90054 90053 Ni-CD (Nickel Cadmium) 90054 90053 RAM (Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese) 90054 90053 Alkaline (previously Non-Rechargeable) batteries 90054 90057 90185 90186 90187 90188 90002 Just like the previous special charger from Maximal, this one is 90007 90003 flexible and versatile 90004 90010, too as it can charge a wide range of batteries.It is capable of charging both rechargeable NiCD or NiMH batteries and disposable alkaline batteries. You will love its 4 universal charging docks capable of charging different types of batteries. 90005 90002 Another advantage of this special charger is that it is 90007 90003 capable of simultaneously charging a max of 5 batteries 90004 90010, thanks to its 90007 90003 4 universal ports 90004 90010 as well as another one that you can find in the 9V port. 90005 90002 It also features a 90003 90007 couple of USB ports 90010 90004 that you can use to attach and charge devices.I am sure you will like the LCD screen of this special charger, too, as it can 90007 90003 display the level of charge 90004 90010 in the battery and its charging status. 90005 90024 90003 Final Words 90004 90027 90002 While some manufacturers do not recommend and support recharging alkaline batteries due to the dangers that they might cause, it is 90003 90007 still possible to recharge them through the available chargers specifically built for them 90010 90004. Just make sure that you 90007 pick a high-quality special charger 90010, which can do a pretty good job of recharging your alkaline battery.90005 90002 Also, take note that a recharged 90007 90003 alkaline battery’s capacity has a higher risk of declining through a number of recharges 90004 90010. This is the main reason why you still have to take care of them, especially if you recharge them often. One thing to keep in mind is that alkaline batteries were not designed to be recharged, so some of them may leak. 90005 90002 90296 90296 90005 90002 90007 90003 After you charge them, let them sit on a safe surface and watch for leakage for a few days.90004 90010 This is important in ensuring that they will not leak in your electronic devices. The cheaper batteries seem to do this more than the high-quality ones. 90005 90002 With a 90003 small solar setup 90004, you can charge rechargeable batteries but by adding this charger to the mix, it would open the door to reusing alkaline batteries that most people will discard without a second thought. 90005 90002 The ability to recharge regular (alkaline) batteries will come in very handy, save you money and keep those batteries out of the landfill.It is recycling, therefore, it is 90007 good for the environment and smart prepping 90010! 90005.90000 How does Electrolyte Work? — Battery University 90001 90002 90003 Learn more about the catalyst that straddles the electrodes of a battery and makes electricity flow 90004 90005 90002 Electrolyte serves as catalyst to make a battery conductive by promoting the movement of ions from the cathode to the anode on charge and in reverse on discharge. Ions are electrically charged atoms that have lost or gained electrons. The electrolyte of a battery consists of soluble salts, acids or other bases in liquid, gelled and dry formats.Electrolyte also comes in a polymer, as used in the solid-state battery, solid ceramic and molten salts, as in the sodium-sulfur battery. 90007 90005 90002 Lead acid uses 90010 sulfuric acid 90011. When charging, the acid becomes denser as lead oxide (PbO 90012 2 90013) forms on the positive plate, and then turns to almost water when fully discharged. The specific gravity of the sulfuric acid is measured with a hydrometer. (See also BU-903: How to Measure State-of-charge). Lead acid batteries come in flooded and sealed formats also known as valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) or maintenance-free.90005 90002 Sulfuric acid is colorless with a slight yellow-green tint, soluble in water and is highly corrosive. Discoloration to a brownish tint may be caused by rusting from anodic corrosion or from water entering in the battery pack. 90005 90002 Lead acid batteries come with different specific gravities (SG). Deep-cycle batteries use a dense electrolyte with an SG of up to 1.330 to achieve high specific energy, starter batteries contain an average SG of about 1.265 and stationary batteries come with a low SG of roughly 1.225 to moderate corrosion and promote longevity. (See BU-903: How to Measure State-of-charge.). 90005 90002 Sulfuric acid serves a wide range of applications and is also found in drain cleaners and various cleaning agents. It further serves in mineral processing mineral processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing and chemical synthesis. 90007 90005 90022 90023 90024 90025 90003 CAUTION: 90004 90028 90025 Sulfuric acid can cause serious damage on skin contact and can lead to permanent blindness if splashed in eyes.Swallowing sulfuric acid causes irreversible damage. 90028 90031 90032 90033 90002 90005 90002 The electrolyte in NiCd is an 90010 alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide) 90011. Most NiCd batteries are cylindrical in which several layers of positive and negative materials are wound into a jelly-roll. The flooded version of NiCd is used as the ship-battery in commercial aircrafts and in UPS systems operating in hot and cold climates requiring frequent cycling. NiCd is more expensive than lead acid but lasts longer.90005 .90000 Which Battery Is Best? Choosing Between Alkaline, Zinc, Lithium-Ion, and Lead-Acid 90001 90002 What Type of Battery? 90003 90004 There are various types of batteries on the market today. Different sizes, different technology, different voltages, rechargeable, and single-use disposables. So how do you know which to use? This article gives some basic facts about the different types of batteries available. 90005 90002 Please Whitelist This Site in Your Ad Blocker! 90003 90004 It takes time and effort to write these articles and authors need to earn.Please consider white listing this site in your ad-blocker if you consider it useful. 90009 Thank You! 90005 90002 Glossary 90003 90004 90014 Cell. 90015 A device that produces a voltage from a chemical reaction and can source current to power electronic or electrical devices, appliances or tools. Examples are AA, AAA, C and D cells. Although these are technically called «cells» they are commonly referred to as «batteries». 90005 90004 90014 Battery. 90015 A single cell can only produce a low voltage, typically 1.2, 1.5 or 3.6 volts. Batteries consists of several cells connected in series so that voltages add up. So for instance a 9 volt PP3 (MN1604) battery is composed of six flat cells stacked on top of each other to produce 6 x 1.5 = 9 volts. The cells are encapsulated by an outer casing. A lead acid car battery is made of 6 cells in series to produce 12 volts. 90005 90004 90014 Non-rechargeable or primary 90015 batteries that are disposed of once they become «flat» and their stored energy has been used up.90005 90004 90014 Rechargeable secondary batteries 90015 can be «filled» with charge or energy and used again multiple times. 90005 90004 90014 Capacity. 90015 The amount of charge a battery holds. It’s measured in milliamp-hours (mAh) or amp-hours (Ah) 90005 90004 For more info on volts, current, amps, watts and electricity, see my easy-to-understand guide: 90005 90004 Watts, Amps and Volts, Kilowatt Hours (kWh) and Electrical Appliances — Basic Electricity Explained 90005 90002 Non-Rechargeable Batteries (Primary Cells) 90003 90004 Non re-chargeable or primary cells are available in all the standard sizes and voltages; AA, AAA, C, D and PP3 (MN1604).The nominal cell voltage is 1.5 volts and 9 volts for the small square PP3 type. 90005 90004 There are several widely available technologies: 90005 90043 90044 90014 Zinc Carbon. 90015 These were the first non-rechargeable cells. They have a capacity between one quarter and one fifth that of alkaline cells. They have a relatively high internal resistance and this makes them more suitable for low current drain devices such as radios, toys and low power torches. They do not perform well at low temperatures and high temperatures can dry out the electrolyte.90047 90048 90043 90044 90014 Zinc Chloride. 90015 These are an improvement on zinc carbon having a 50% greater capacity, higher current output capacity and improved leak resistance. They also have better low temperature performance and longer shelf life. 90047 90048 90043 90044 90014 Alkaline. 90015 These have several advantages over zinc type batteries. Capacity is three to five times greater, they are able to provide a high current output, they have good high and low temperature performance and have a long shelf life losing about 5% of capacity per year.Alkaline batteries are the most expensive however compared to zinc cells but the difference in price has reduced in the last 20 years as production has increased. The capacity of alkaline cells depends to a large degree on current load. At low currents, an AA cell can have a capacity of 3AH, but this can drop to less than 1 AH at current drain of about 1 amp (which is typical of high draw gadgets). 90047 90048 90043 90044 90014 Lithium. 90015 Lithium battery voltages range from 1.8 to 3.7 volts.The batteries are expensive compared to alkaline cells but have have a higher energy storage density. They are suitable for high current demand applications and the output voltage is constant during discharge unlike the sloping voltage characteristic of other primary cells. Lithium cells have a very long shelf life and loss of capacity is only about 0.5% per year. There are several types: 90047 90048 90067 90043 90044 90014 3 volt lithium cells 90015 in the CRV3 format which is like two AA cells side by side.This allows them to be used as drop in replacements in devices which take two or four AA cells side by side. 90047 90044 90014 3 volt CR123A 90015 cells are often typically used to power digital cameras and wireless sensors in security alarm systems. 90047 90044 90014 AA size lithium iron disulfide cells. 90015 These have a cell voltage of about 1.8 volts open circuit, dropping to around 1.7 volts when nearly empty. They have a shelf live of about 20 years. 90047 90044 90014 3 volt lithium coin cells 90015 are commonly used to power watches.90047 90048 90004 An advantage over alkaline cells is that they do not tend to leak which is important if they’re used in expensive equipment. A battery leak can cause serious corrosion of metal connections and other parts. 90005 90088 90089 90004 This an inexpensive, easy-to-use universal battery checker suitable for 1.5 volt AA, AAA, C and D cells and also small, square 9 volt «PP3» (MN1604) style batteries, often used in digital multimeters. It’s suitable for alkaline, NiMH and NiCD cells but 90091 not 90092 lithium cells.90009 It indicates whether the battery is flat, low or fully charged on an analog scale. 90005 90002 Rechargeable Batteries (Secondary Cells) 90003 90004 Known as secondary cells, these are available in all the common sizes. The nominal cell voltage is 1.2 volts and 8.4 volts for the small square PP3 (MN1604) cell. 90005 90043 90044 90014 NiCd. 90015 Nickel cadmium batteries were the first commonly available rechargeable cells. NiCads suffer from a memory effect phenomenon which means that if you just keep topping up the battery rather than fully discharging it, the battery «remembers» the point from which it was topped up and will tend to lose capacity and discharge to this point.Loss of charge during storage is about 20% per month. The batteries have a low internal resistance and can source a high current on demand when used in moderate power devices. The voltage stays relatively constant during discharge. 90047 90048 90043 90044 90014 NiMH. 90015 Nickel metal hydride batteries are an improvement on NiCd. They have a higher capacity for a given size of battery but without exhibiting a memory effect phenomenon. They can also provide higher output for devices with a high current demand.Voltage is relatively steady during discharge. The disadvantage of NiMH batteries is that they lose charge relatively quickly, about 30% per month. LSD or low self discharge NiMH cells are available however. 90047 90048 90043 90044 90014 Rechargeable Lithium-Ion (Li-ion). 90015 These cells are used to make up the batteries for cordless tools, laptops, camcorders etc. The cell voltage is normally from 3.2v to 3.7v depending on the chemistry. These cells have the highest energy density compared to other types.Their size is somewhat different to AA or AAA cells and also their voltage is different, so they are not drop in replacements for these types (however some manufacturers are now producing lithium-ions with the same size format as AA and AAA cells with voltage down -regulated to 1.5 volts). Some tactical LED flashlights are designed to use CR123A or 181650 lithium-ion cells, but check the spec of the torch before using. Lithium-ion cells must be charged with a special charger, designed for the purpose.90047 90048 90043 90044 90014 Lead Acid Gel Batteries. 90015 These are commonly found as the backup battery in alarm panels, however they are often used in high powered torches. They are relatively inexpensive compared to lithium cells. The nominal voltage is either 6 or 12 volts. Its important to use a proper three stage charger with these types of battery to maximize their lifespan. Also unlike other types of battery, they can be damaged if the voltage is allowed to fall below 10 volts (for a 12 volt battery) for prolonged periods.»Yuasa» is a well known manufacturer of gel batteries. 90047 90048 90002 Pros and Cons of Rechargeable Batteries 90003 90004 Batteries can be rechargeable or non-rechargeable. Non rechargeable batteries can only be used once and then need to be replaced. Rechargeable batteries can be recharged up to 500 times. 90005 90004 90014 Advantages 90015 90005 90043 90044 Can be charged several hundred times before they become unable to hold a charge. 90047 90044 They are able to source a high current output because of their low internal resistance.This means that they can power devices with a high current demand. 90047 90048 90004 90014 Disadvantages 90015 90005 90043 90044 More expensive to buy than non-rechargeables but not hugely more expensive. 90047 90044 Lose their charge over time through self-discharge even when not in a device. This can be up to 30% per month. So a battery is never fully charged when you go to use it, unless you keep it on constant trickle charge. Newer type NiMH batteries hold charge for longer. However lithium-ion cells have very low self-discharge so this problem is less of an issue 90047 90044 Capacity of NiCd or NiMH rechargeable cells is less than that of alkaline cells.90047 90048 90002 Using Rechargeables as Replacements For Non-Rechargeables 90003 90004 Since the voltage of a NiMH rechargeable cell is about 1.2v compared to the 1.5 volts of a non rechargeable cell, this can cause problems in some devices. A device such as a torch will work ok since there is no electronic circuitry and the torch will just run until the battery is flat. Some electronic devices have voltage monitoring circuitry which gives a low battery warning and turns off the device when the voltage falls to a certain level.Since NiMH batteries have a lower voltage, this will happen quicker resulting in lower effective duration of use on a charge. Also some equipment may not even work because of the lower voltage of these cells. Check your manual for advice. 90005 90002 Which Battery Lasts the Longest? 90003 90004 Lithium batteries have the highest capacity and last the longest. Alkaline non-rechargeable batteries come second, having a long shelf life, low self-discharge and are inexpensive. 90005 90002 Using «Flat» AA Batteries 90003 90004 When a gadget indicates that the batteries are flat, this is often because electronics or software detects that the voltage is below a threshold level sufficient to run the device.However the energy remaining is often adequate to run battery clocks for up to 6 months. 90005 90002 Remove Batteries From Equipment When Not in Use !!! 90003 90004 When batteries go flat, electrolyte becomes corrosive. Over time this can eat through the casing of a battery and end up on battery terminals and circuit boards, potentially causing major damage to equipment. So if you are not going to be using your gadgets fro a long period, it’s wise to remove the batteries before a leak occurs. 90005 .90000 Getting to Know the Battery: Capabilities, Expectations & Limitations 90001 90002 BU-104: Conociendo la Batería (Español) 90003 90002 90005 Recognize the strength of the battery and learn how to live with its weakness. 90006 90003 90002 Nature offers many ways to produce power. Most result through combustion, mechanical movement and photosynthesis, as in a solar cell. Electrical energy generation of the battery develops by an electrochemical reaction between two metals of different affinities.When exposed to acids, a voltage develops between the metals as part of ion transfer; closing the circuit induces a current. In 1800, inventor Alessandro Volta discovered that the voltage potential became stronger the farther apart the affinity numbers moved. 90003 90002 The simplest manifestation of a battery is a lemon. Driving a zinc-plated nail and a copper coin into a lemon creates a voltage, but this quasi battery does not deliver much power. The current delivery system is weak and any electrical load causes the voltage to collapse.The energy does not come from the lemon itself but from the chemical change in dissolving zinc into the acid or lemon juice. Figure 1 illustrates the lemon battery. 90003 90012 90013 90014 90015 90016 90017 90014 90015 90005 Figure 1: Lemon battery 90006 90022 The experiment is often used for educational purposes. The electrodes are zinc in the form of a galvanized nail and copper in a coin. The lemon juice acts as electrolyte to induce a chemical reaction.90002 Standard potentialof zinc = -0.76 90022 Standard potentialof copper = 0.34 90022 Cell potential with conducting path = 1.10V 90003 90016 90017 90029 90030 90002 90022 Elements with the greatest negative electrode potential serve as cathodes; those with the highest positive potential assist as anodes. The difference between the electrodes provides th 90003.